Major source categories of PM2.5 oxidative potential in wintertime Beijing and surroundings based on online dithiothreitol-based field measurements.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) causes millions of premature deaths each year worldwide. Oxidative potential (OP) has been proposed as a better metric for aerosol health effects than PM2.5 mass concentration alone. In this study, we report for the first time online measurements of PM2.5 OP in wintertime Beijing and surroundings based on a dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. These measurements were combined with co-located PM chemical composition measurements to identify the main source categories of aerosol OP. In addition, we highlight the influence of two distinct pollution events on aerosol OP (spring festival celebrations including fireworks and a severe regional dust storm). Source apportionment coupled with multilinear regression revealed that primary PM and oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) were both important sources of OP, accounting for 41 ± 12 % and 39 ± 10 % of the OPvDTT (OP normalized by the sampled air volume), respectively. The small remainder was attributed to fireworks and dust, mainly resulting from the two distinct pollution events. During the 3.5-day spring festival period, OPvDTT spiked to 4.9 nmol min-1 m-3 with slightly more contribution from OOA (42 ± 11 %) and less from primary PM (31 ± 15 %). During the dust storm, hourly-averaged PM2.5 peaked at a very high value of 548 µg m-3 due to the dominant presence of dust-laden particles (88 % of total PM2.5). In contrast, only mildly elevated OPvDTT values (up to 1.5 nmol min-1 m-3) were observed during this dust event. This observation indicates that variations in OPvDTT cannot be fully explained using PM2.5 alone; one must also consider the chemical composition of PM2.5 when studying aerosol health effects. Our study highlights the need for continued pollution control strategies to reduce primary PM emissions, and more in-depth investigations into the source origins of OOA, to minimize the health risks associated with PM exposure in Beijing.

Prediction and visualization map for physicochemical indices of kiwifruits by hyperspectral imaging.

Soluble solid content (SSC), firmness, and color (L*, a*, and b*) are important physicochemical indices for assessing the quality and maturity of kiwifruits. Therefore, this research aimed to realize the nondestructive detection and visualization map for the physicochemical indices of kiwifruits at different maturity stages by hyperspectral imaging coupled with the chemometrics. To further improve the detection accuracy and working efficiency of the models, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and successive projection algorithm were employed to choose feature wavelengths for predicting the physicochemical indices of kiwifruits. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was designed to develop simplified detection models based on feature wavelengths for determining the physicochemical indices of kiwifruits. The results showed that 32, 18, 26, 29, and 32 feature wavelengths were extracted from 256 full wavelengths to predict the SSC, firmness, L*, a*, and b*, respectively, with the CARS algorithm. Not only was the working efficiency of the CARS-MLR model improved, but the prediction accuracy of the CARS-MLR model for determining the physicochemical indices was also at its relative best. The residual predictive deviations of the CARS-MLR model for determining the SSC, firmness, L*, a*, and b* were 3.09, 2.90, 2.32, 2.74, and 2.91, respectively, which were all above 2.3. Compared with the model based on the full spectra, the CARS-MLR model could be used to predict the physicochemical indices of kiwifruits. Finally, the visualization map for the physicochemical indices of kiwifruits at different maturity stages was generated by calculating the spectral response of each pixel on the kiwifruit samples with the CARS-MLR model. This made the detection for the physicochemical indices of kiwifruits more intuitive. This study demonstrates that hyperspectral imaging coupled with the chemometrics is promising for the nondestructive detection and visualization map for the physicochemical indices of kiwifruits, and also provides a novel theoretical basis for the nondestructive detection of kiwifruit quality.

Biochar as a partner of plants and beneficial microorganisms to assist in-situ bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil.

Synergistic remediation of heavy metal (HM) contaminated soil using beneficial microorganisms (BM) and plants is a common and effective in situ bioremediation method. However, the shortcomings of this approach are the low colonisation of BM under high levels of heavy metal stress (HMS) and the poor state of plant growth. Previous studies have overlooked the potential of biochar to mitigate the above problems and aid in-situ remediation. Therefore, this paper describes the characteristics and physicochemical properties of biochar. It is proposed that biochar enhances plant resistance to HMS and aids in situ bioremediation by increasing colonisation of BM and HM stability. On this basis, the paper focuses on the following possible mechanisms: specific biochar-derived organic matter regulates the transport of HMs in plants and promotes mycorrhizal colonisation via the abscisic acid signalling pathway and the karrikin signalling pathway; promotes the growth-promoting pathway of indole-3-acetic acid and increases expression of the nodule-initiating gene NIN; improvement of soil HM stability by ion exchange, electrostatic adsorption, redox and complex precipitation mechanisms. And this paper summarizes guidelines on how to use biochar-assisted remediation based on current research for reference. Finally, the paper identifies research gaps in biochar in the direction of promoting beneficial microbial symbiotic mechanisms, recognition and function of organic molecules, and factors affecting practical applications.

Trends in Cognitive Function Before and After Diabetes Onset: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Individuals with prevalent diabetes were known to have a higher risk of dementia and lower cognitive function. However, trends of cognitive function before diabetes and in the short term after new-onset diabetes remain unclear. METHODS: This study included participants without baseline diabetes from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Cognitive tests were conducted at baseline (wave 1) and at least one time from wave 2 (2013) to wave 4 (2018). Cognitive function was assessed using a global cognition score which was the summary measure of 4 cognitive tests. A linear mixed model was constructed to fit the trends in cognitive function before and after diabetes onset and the trends among nondiabetes. The threshold of statistical significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS: During the 7-year follow-up, 1,207 (9.7% of 12,422, 59.1 ± 8.6 years, 39.9% male participants) participants developed new-onset diabetes. The cognitive function of both the without diabetes group and the diabetes group declined annually during the follow-up. The annual decline rate of the diabetes group before diabetes onset was similar to that of the without diabetes group during the whole follow-up period. After diabetes onset, participants experienced statistically significant faster cognitive declines in global cognition (-0.023 SD/year; 95% CI -0.043 to -0.004; p = 0.019) and visuospatial abilities test (-0.036 SD/year; -0.061 to -0.011; p = 0.004), but not in tests of episodic memory (-0.018 SD/year; -0.041 to 0.004; p = 0.116), attention and calculation (-0.017 SD/year; -0.037 to 0.003; p = 0.090), or orientation (0.001 SD/year; -0.018 to 0.020; p = 0.894), compared with the cognitive slope before diabetes. In subgroup analysis, compared with those who developed diabetes between 45-54 years, those developing diabetes older (55-64 years, p for interaction = 0.701; 65-74 years, p for interaction = 0.996) did not demonstrate different rates of global cognitive decline after diabetes. DISCUSSION: Individuals experienced faster rate of cognitive decline in a few years after diabetes onset, but not during the prediabetes period. Age did not modify the effect of diabetes on postdiabetes cognitive decline. Efforts in eliminating the adverse impacts on cognition should be started on diagnosis of diabetes.

Trends in cognitive function before and after myocardial infarction: findings from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.

Objectives: Incident stroke was associated with cognitive dysfunction after stroke and even before stroke. However, cognitive trends prior to myocardial infarction (MI) and the timeline of cognitive decline in a few years following incident MI remain unclear, especially among the Chinese population. We aimed to evaluate whether MI was associated with cognitive change both before and after MI in China. Methods: This cohort study included 11,287 participants without baseline heart problems or stroke from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The exposure was self-reported MI. The outcomes were scores of cognitive functions in five domains, which reflected abilities of episodic memory, visuospatial abilities, orientation, attention and calculation, and global cognition as a summary measure. A Linear mixed model was constructed to explore cognitive function before and after incident MI among the MI participants and the cognitive trends of participants free of MI. Results: During the 7-year follow-up, 421 individuals [3.7% of 11,287, mean (SD) age, 60.0 (9.0) years; 59.1% female] experienced MI events. The cognitive scores of participants of both the MI group and the control group without MI declined gradually as time went by. The annual decline rate of the MI group before incident MI was similar to that of the control group during the whole follow-up period. Incident MI was not associated with acute cognitive decline in all five cognitive domains. Moreover, MI did not accelerate the cognitive decline rate after MI compared with the pre-MI cognitive trends. The decline rate of cognitive function after MI was similar to the rate before MI. Conclusions: Different from stroke, participants who had an MI did not show steeper cognitive decline before MI. MI was not associated with acute cognitive decline and accelerated decline in several years after MI. Future studies are needed to learn the mechanisms behind the different patterns of cognitive decline between MI and stroke.

Heterogeneous reactions significantly contribute to the atmospheric formation of nitrated aromatic compounds during the haze episode in urban Beijing.

Nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) are key components of air pollution; however, due to the presence of complex mixtures of primary and secondary species, especially in urban environments, their atmospheric formation is poorly understood. Here we conducted a field campaign during a winter haze episode in urban Beijing, China to monitor gaseous and particulate NACs at 2-h time resolution. Through a standard-independent non-targeted approach, a total of 238 NACs were screened, of which 127 species were assigned chemical formula and 25 structures were confirmed. Four main classes were identified: nitrated aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrophenols, oxygenated nitrated aromatic compounds, and nitrated heterocyclic aromatic compounds. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed disparate temporal variances of diurnal or nocturnal elevation, among which different nitration formations were captured, i.e., daytime photochemical oxidation and nighttime heterogeneous reactions. Isomeric information, particularly the substitution position of the nitro group on biphenyl, further demonstrated a potential heterogeneous mechanism of electrophilic nitration by NO2+. Assisted by source apportionment, we found that nighttime heterogeneous reactions significantly contributed to NAC formation, e.g., 31.3 % and 60.8 %, respectively, to 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene, which were previously considered as classical daytime gas-phase products. This study provides comprehensive information on urban NAC species and highlights the importance of unheeded heterogeneous reactions in the atmosphere.

Community-Level Practice Checklists for Health Protection During Cold Spells in China.

Communities play a crucial role in protecting the health of vulnerable populations such as the elderly, low-income groups, and high-risk individuals during cold spells. However, current strategies for responding to cold spells primarily consist of programmatic policies that lack practicality, specificity, and detailed implementation guidelines for community workers. Therefore, this study aims to identify and analyze the challenges faced by communities in responding to cold spells, review international experiences, and develop a set of practical checklists for community-level health protection. These checklists will assist community workers and volunteers in effectively preparing for, responding to, and recovering from cold spells.

Adjunctive cariprazine as a novel effective strategy for treating major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cariprazine has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treating bipolar depression and as an adjunctive treatment for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). However, it remains unclear about its pharmacological efficacy in treating MDD. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the adjunctive use of cariprazine in MDD. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched for eligible studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of cariprazine in patients with MDD up to November 15, 2023. The changes in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score and incidence of adverse events (AEs), which represents of efficacy and tolerability, are considered as the main outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 3066 patients with MDD included in all across 5 RCTs. With regard to MADRS score, cariprazine group showed better results than control group (SMD = -0.12, 95% CI -0.19 to -0.04, P = 0.002, 5 RCTs, n = 3066). Cariprazine, meanwhile, improved the MADRS response (RR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.31, P = 0.0004, 5 RCTs, n = 3066). For safety outcomes, statistical difference was observed in AEs (RR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.35, P < 0.00001, 5 RCTs, n = 3077). The suicide ideation and SAEs showed no statistical difference between two groups. CONCLUSION: Cariprazine demonstrated antidepressant effect as an augmentation therapy in treating MDD. Meanwhile, the tolerability of it was acceptable as an adjunctive treatment. However, studies with larger sample sizes are still needed to explore the optimal dosage.

Global trends in bufalin application research for cancer from 2003 to 2022: A bibliometric and visualised analysis.

Background: Bufalin, the main active ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicine huachansu, is used in the clinical treatment of colorectal cancer and has multiple effects, including the inhibition of migratory invasion, reversal of multi-drug resistance, induction of apoptosis and differentiation, and inhibition of angiogenesis. Methods: We collected relevant articles on bufalin from 2003 to 2022 using the Web Science platform, and analysed the information using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and Microsoft Excel to categorise and summarise the publications over the past 20 years. Results: We collected 371 papers, with a steady increase in the number of articles published globally. China has the highest number of published articles, whereas Japan has the highest number of citations. Currently, there is considerable enthusiasm for investigating the anti-tumour mechanism of bufalin and optimising drug delivery systems for its administration. Conclusion: For the first time, we present a comprehensive overview of papers published worldwide on bufalin over the past two decades and the progress of its application in tumour therapy. We summarised the key authors, institutions, and countries that have contributed to the field and the potential of bufalin for the treatment of cancer. This will help other researchers obtain an overview of progress in the field, enhance collaboration and knowledge sharing, and promote future research on bufalin.

Chemical Profiling of Shen-Wu-Yi-Shen Tablets Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and Its Quality Evaluation Based on UPLC-DAD Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis.

Shen-Wu-Yi-Shen tablets (SWYST) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription used for treating chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aims to characterize the constituents in SWYST and evaluate the quality based on the quantification of multiple bioactive components. SWYST samples were analyzed with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and a data-processing strategy. As a result, 215 compounds in SWYST were unambiguously identified or tentatively characterized, including 14 potential new compounds. Meanwhile, strategies based on characteristic fragments for rapid identification were summarized, indicating that the qualitative method is accurate and feasible. Notably, the glucose esters of laccaic acid D-type anthraquinone were first found and their fragmentation patterns were described by comparing that of O-glycoside isomers. Besides, based on comparisons of the cleavage ways of mono-acyl glucose with different acyl groups or acylation sites, differences in fragmentation pathways between 1,2-di-O-acyl glucose and 1,6-di-O-acyl glucose were proposed for the first time and verified by reference substances. In addition, a validated UPLC-DAD was established for the determination of 11 major bioactive components related to treatment of CKD (albiflorin, paeoniflorin, 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-ß-d-glucoside (TSG), 1-O-galloyl-2-O-cinnamoyl-ß-d-glucose, emodin-8-O-ß-d-glucoside, chrysophanol-O-ß-d-glucoside, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion). Moreover, TSG and 1-O-galloyl-2-O-cinnamoyl-ß-d-glucose were found as the quality markers related to the origins of SWYST based on multivariate statistical analysis. Conclusively, the findings in this work provide a feasible reference for further studies on quality research and mechanisms of action in treating CKD.

Clinical characteristics of 15 patients with listeria meningitis in adult.

Objective: To report and analyze the clinical characteristics of 15 patients with Listeria meningitis in adult. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 15 patients with Listeria meningitis who were admitted to Shanxi Bethune Hospital between January 2017 and January 2023. Results: The clinical manifestations was primarily characterized by fever， altered mental status, headache, neck stiffness, and vomiting. Blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures were performed in 15 cases, and pathogens were detected in 11 of them. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) detected pathogens in 10 cases, with four being negative by conventional methods and six being positive through traditional tests. The laboratory blood results presented leukocytosis. The CSF analysis upon admission showed elevated levels of white blood cells and proteins, as well as decreased chloride and glucose concentration. The brain computed tomography (CT) revealed ventricular enlargement in 3 patients. The brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed abnormalities in multiple areas of the brain. Despite 3 patients with decompensated hydrocephalus underwent lateral ventricle puncture and drainage，their neurological deterioration were increasingly deteriorating.7 patients were treated by mechanical ventilation due to respiratory insufficiency. After 3 months, there were 9 cases with excellent outcomes（modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2）,2 cases with favorable outcomes（score of 3-5）, and 4 deaths（score of 6）. Conclusions: This thesis found that the detection rate of Listeria monocytogenes has been on a rise over the past six years in our department, ranking second only to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Additionally, the detection rate achieved by mNGS surpasses that of other conventional methods. Among the patient cohort, 11 had underlying diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, tuberculosis, diabetes mellitus, pituitary neoplasms, leukemia and other related illnesses. Once listeriosis is early identified, the adequate antibiotic therapy should be promptly introduced in the course of empirical treatment.

Relationship between abnormal intrinsic functional connectivity of subcortices and autism symptoms in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder.

PURPOSE: This study explores subcortices and their intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) adults and investigates their relationship with clinical severity. METHODS: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were acquired from 74 ASD patients, and 63 gender and age-matched typically developing (TD) adults. Independent component analysis (ICA) was conducted to evaluate subcortical patterns of basal ganglia (BG) and thalamus. These two brain areas were treated as regions of interest to further calculate whole-brain FC. In addition, we employed multivariate machine learning to identify subcortices-based FC brain patterns and clinical scores to classify ASD adults from those TD subjects. RESULTS: In ASD individuals, autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS) was negatively correlated with the BG network. Similarly, social responsiveness scale (SRS) was negatively correlated with the thalamus network. The BG-based iFC analysis revealed adults with ASD versus TD had lower FC, and its FC with the right medial temporal lobe (MTL), was positively correlated with SRS and ADOS separately. ASD could be predicted with a balanced accuracy of around 60.0 % using brain patterns and 84.7 % using clinical variables. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed the abnormal subcortical iFC may be related to autism symptoms.

Traditional Chinese Medicine formula, Sanwujiao granule, attenuates ischemic stroke by promoting angiogenesis through early administration.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the most lethal diseases with the insufficient pharmacology therapeutic approach. Sanwujiao granule (SW) is widely used for IS in China with little known about its underlying mechanism. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the characteristics of therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of SW against IS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The fingerprint of SW was applied by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Three different drug treatment strategies, including prophylactic administration, early administration and delayed administration, were applied in rats' permanent middle cerebral occlusion (pMCAO) model. The Garcia neurological deficit test, adhesive removal test, rotarod test, TTC and TUNEL staining were performed to evaluate the pathological changes. The transcriptomic analysis was used to predict the potential mechanism of SW. The vascular deficiency model of Tg(kdrl:eGFP) zebrafish larvae and oxygen-glucose deprivation model on bEnd.3 cells were used to verify SW's pharmacological effect. qRT-PCR, immunofluorescent staining and Western Blot were applied to detect the expression of genes and proteins. The network pharmacology approach was applied to discover the potential bioactive compounds in SW that contribute to its pharmacological effect. RESULTS: SW early and delayed administration attenuated cerebral infarction, neurological deficit and cell apoptosis. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that SW activated angiogenesis-associated biological processes specifically by early administration. CD31 immunofluorescent staining further confirmed the microvessel intensity in peri-infarct regions was significantly elevated after SW early treatment. Additionally, on the vascular deficiency model of zebrafish larvae, SW showed the angiogenesis effect. Next, the cell migration and tube formation were also observed in the bEnd.3 cells with the oxygen-glucose deprivation induced cell injury. It's worth noting that both mRNA and protein levels of angiogenesis factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, were significantly elevated in the pMCAO rats' brains treated with SW. The network pharmacology approach was applied and chasmanine, karacoline, talatisamine, etc. were probably the main active compounds of SW in IS treatment as they affected the angiogenesis-associated targets. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that SW plays a critical role in anti-IS via promoting angiogenesis through early administration, indicating that SW is a candidate herbal complex for further investigation in treating IS in the clinical.

Predictors of self-regulation fatigue patterns in patients before total knee arthroplasty: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with total knee arthroplasty encounter stressful events that consume their coping resources, resulting in self-control fatigue. Few studies have focused on this phenomenon. AIM: To identify subgroups of patients before total knee arthroplasty according to the heterogeneous patterns of self-regulation fatigue and to analyse the predictors of subtypes. METHODS: A total of 210 patients awaiting total knee arthroplasty were enrolled. Data of demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, psychological and social factors were collected. Latent profile analysis was employed to define the subgroups. Predictors of patterns were identified using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Three latent classes were identified: the low, medium, and high self-regulation fatigue classes. For the high self-regulation fatigue class, lower levels of hope, social support, self-efficacy and education were major predictors. CONCLUSION: These predictors of patients with different levels of self-regulation fatigue provide evidence for the identification of vulnerable populations and lay a foundation for targeted interventions.

Long Non-Coding RNA Mir17hg Positively Regulates Melanogenesis by Inhibiting TGFß Receptor 2 under Psychological Stress.

Vitiligo is a common skin depigmentation disorder characterized by the patchy loss of skin color. Nowadays, it is recognized as being correlated with multiple genetic factors as well as the psychological conditions of individuals. Long noncoding RNAs have been reported to underlie the pathogenesis of vitiligo; however, the role of long noncoding RNAs in the stress-related depigmentation process remains largely unknown. In this study, the inhibition of melanocyte function was observed in C57BL/6J mice modeled through chronic restraint stress. Furthermore, downregulation of the expression of the long noncoding RNAs Mir17hg was identified using RNA sequencing. The regulatory role of Mir17hg in melanogenesis was also investigated in melanocytes and zebrafish embryos through overexpression or knockdown. Finally, TGFß receptor 2 was shown to be a downstream target in Mir17hg-mediated melanogenesis regulation, in which the classical TGFß/SMAD signaling cascade and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade play important roles. In conclusion, our results revealed an important regulatory role of Mir17hg in melanogenesis through inhibition of TGFßR2, which can provide a potential therapeutic target for treating skin depigmentation disorders.

Estimating birthweight reduction attributable to maternal ozone exposure in low- and middle-income countries.

The effect of O3 on birthweight in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains unknown. A multicenter epidemiological study was conducted to evaluate the association between maternal peak-season O3 exposure and birthweight, using 697,148 singleton newborns obtained in 54 LMICs between 2003 and 2019. We estimated the birthweight reduction attributable to peak-season O3 exposure in 123 LMICs based on a nonlinear exposure-response function (ERF). With every 10-part per billion increment in O3 concentration, we found a reduction in birthweight of 19.9 g [95% confidence interval (CI): 14.8 to 24.9 g]. The nonlinear ERF had a monotonic decreasing curve, and no safe O3 exposure threshold was identified. The mean reduction in birthweight reduction attributable to O3 across the 123 LMICs was 43.8 g (95% CI: 30.5 to 54.3 g) in 2019. The reduction in O3-related birthweight was greatest in countries in South Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. Effective O3 pollution control policies have the potential to substantially improve infant health.

Red and Blue Light Induce Soybean Resistance to Soybean Mosaic Virus Infection through the Coordination of Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Defense Pathways.

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) seriously harms soybean quality and yield. In order to understand the effect of a heterogeneous light environment on the disease resistance of intercropped soybeans, we simulated three kinds of light environments to learn the effects of white light, blue light, and far-red light on the SMV resistance of soybeans. The results showed that compared with the control, SMV-infected soybeans showed dwarfing and enhanced defense. The symptoms of leaves under red and blue light were less severe than those under white light, the virus content of infected plants was about 90% lower than under white light, the activity of antioxidant enzymes increased, and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species decreased. The oxidation damage in SMV-infected soybeans was serious under far-red light. Transcriptome data showed that the biostimulatory response, plant-pathogen interaction, and plant hormone signaling pathway gene expression of SMV-infected soybeans were significantly up-regulated under red light compared with the control. Compared with the control, the genes in the biostimulatory response, calcium ion binding, carbohydrate-binding, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and plant-pathogen interaction pathways, were significantly up-regulated in SMV-infected soybeans under blue light. In far-red light, only 39 genes were differentially expressed in SMV-infected soybeans compared with the control, and most of the genes were down-regulated. Compared with the control, the up-regulation of the salicylic acid (SA) pathway defense gene in SMV-infected soybeans under red light was higher than under other light treatments. Compared with the control, the up-regulation of the jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) pathway defense genes in SMV-infected soybeans under blue light was higher than under other light treatments. Compared with the control, most defense-related genes in the SA and JA pathways were inhibited in SMV-infected soybeans under far-red light, while genes in the ET pathway were significantly up-regulated. These results will advance our understanding of the disease resistance mechanism of intercropping soybeans in a heterogeneous light environment and provide new ideas for the prevention and control of viral diseases.

Ferroelectric Domain and Switching Dynamics in Curved In2Se3: First-Principles and Deep Learning Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Despite its prevalence in experiments, the influence of complex strain on material properties remains understudied due to the lack of effective simulation methods. Here, the effects of bending, rippling, and bubbling on the ferroelectric domains are investigated in an In2Se3 monolayer by density functional theory and deep learning molecular dynamics simulations. Since the ferroelectric switching barrier can be increased (decreased) by tensile (compressive) strain, automatic polarization reversal occurs in α-In2Se3 with a strain gradient when it is subjected to bending, rippling, or bubbling deformations to create localized ferroelectric domains with varying sizes. The switching dynamics depends on the magnitude of curvature and temperature, following an Arrhenius-style relationship. This study not only provides a promising solution for cross-scale studies using deep learning but also reveals the potential to manipulate local polarization in ferroelectric materials through strain engineering.

Inhibition of USP1 ameliorates hypertensive nephropathy through regulating oxidative stress and ferroptosis: A precise treatment via SJB3-019A nanodelivery.

Hypertensive nephropathy is second only to diabetes for the causation of chronic kidney disease worldwide. As the mortality and morbidity of hypertensive nephropathy keep increasing, it is important to elucidate its pathogenesis and develop new treatment strategies. In this study, an angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced renal cell system was established, and the expression of ubiquitin specific peptidase 1 (USP1) in human kidney (HK-2) cells was found to be regulated by Ang II treatment through quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot assay. The detection of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels revealed that interference with USP1 reversed Ang II-induced oxidative stress and ferroptosis, which was enhanced by overexpression of USP1. Subsequently, USP1 inhibitor SJB3-019A loaded in MIL-100 and PEGTK was modified to fabricate SJB3-019A@MIL-PEGTK nanoparticles, which was confirmed to exhibit excellent alleviation of hypertension-induced oxidative stress and ferroptosis in renal cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our study identified an important pathogenesis of hypertensive nephropathy and SJB3-019A@MIL-PEGTK nanoparticle was used to develop an effective clinical treatment for hypertensive nephropathy.